2P2 32 Zhou Jinquan

Carbon Monoxide:


Made of: Carbon and oxygen
Formula: CO

Carbon Dioxide
Carbon is a naturally abundant nonmetallic element which forms the basis of most living organisms. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and it plays a crucial role in the health and stability of the planet through the carbon cycle. This cycle is extremely complex, and it illustrates the interconnection between organisms on Earth. Most consumers are familiar with the element, along with numerous forms in which it appears.


The atomic number of carbon is six, and the element is identified by the symbol “C” on the periodic table. The structure ofcarbon molecules is such that the molecules bond readily with a wide range of other elements, forming thousands of compounds. The molecules in carbon also bond with each other in different ways, creating forms of carbon such as diamonds, the hardest substance on Earth, and graphite, one of the softest materials on the planet. The changing personality of carbon, depending on what it bonds with and how, makes it a very unique element.


All living organisms contain carbon, and as they decay or change, they will continue to contain the element. Coal, limestone, and petroleum, for example, are all fossilized forms of living organisms containing abundant amounts of carbon. Plants and animal life which died millions of years ago were slowly compressed into these substances, and their integral carbon was preserved.


Oxygen

Name: Oxygen	Symbol: O
Type: Non-Metal, Chalcogen	Atomic weight: 15.9994
Density @ 293 K: 0.001429 g/cm3	Atomic volume: 14.0 cm3/mol

Oxygen is needed for all living things and ait is also vital for the process of producing water.

Formation:


Its chemical bonding requires covalent bonding.Carbon monoxide is formed by combustion of carbon in oxygen at high temperatures when there is an excess of carbon. It is also formed (with oxygen) by decomposition of carbon dioxide at very high temperatures (above 2,000°C). It is present in the exhaust of internal-combustion engines (e.g., in automobiles) and is generated in coal stoves, furnaces, and gas appliances that do not get enough air. Carbon monoxide is also a constituent of tobacco smoke.

Credits:

Wikipedia

http://answers.encyclopedia.com/question/carbon-monoxide-formed-114489.html

Sorry, Mrs Chu, I am a bit late as I have to rush to MOELC at Bishan Thank you for your understanding!

Yi En Index 13

Carbon Monoxide

Covalent bond

The name for Carbon Monoxide is CO, C being Carbon and O being Oxygen. Both Carbon and Oxygen are harmless (not harmful) as we can see from oxygen being breathed in everyday life. Carbon and Oxygen bond by covalent bonding. This means that they bond by sharing their electrons with one another. It consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple bond which consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond. 

Carbon monoxide  forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide burns with a blue flame, producing carbon dioxide. Coal gas, which was widely used before the 1960s for domestic lighting, cooking and heating, had carbon monoxide as a significant constituent. Some processes in modern technology, such as iron smelting, still produce carbon monoxide as a byproduct.    

               

Cao Yang Eric (2)

Dihydrogen Monoxide
Symbol: H2O
Dihydrogen Monoxide contains 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of  oxygen.
Chemical Bond
It is a convalent bond.

Harmful Effects
Dihydrogen monoxide:
• is also known as hydroxl acid and is the major component of acid rain. 
• contributes to the "greenhouse effect." 
• may cause severe burns. 
• contributes to the erosion of our natural landscape. 
• accelerates corrosion and rusting of many metals. 
• may cause electrical failures and decreased effectiveness of automobile brakes. 
• has been found in excised tumors of terminal cancer patients. 

Constituent Elements
Hydrogen:
Symbol: H
Atomic Number: 1
Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weightof 1.00794 u (1.007825 u for Hydrogen-1), hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75 % of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Naturally occurring elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth.

Oxygen:
Symbol: O
Atomic Number: 8
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots.It was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O₂.

2P2 28 Wang Jiaxin

Ammonium
The ammonium (more obscurely: aminium) cation is a positively charged polyatomic cation with the chemical formula NH+
4. It is formed by the protonation of ammonia (NH₃). Ammonium is also a general name for positively charged or protonated substituted amines and quaternary ammonium cations (N⁺R₄), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic radical groups (indicated by R).
In the substitutive nomenclature NH₄⁺ is denoted by the name azanium instead of ammonium.
Formation
Formation of ammonium compounds can also occur in the vapor phase; for example, when ammonia vapor comes in contact with hydrogen chloride vapor, a white cloud of ammonium chloride forms, which eventually settles out as a solid in a thin white layer on surfaces.
The conversion of ammonium back to ammonia is easily accomplished by the addition of strong base.

Carbon-nitrogen bond

A carbon-nitrogen bond is a covalent bond between carbon and nitrogen and is one of the most abundant bonds in organic chemistry and biochemistry.^[1]
Nitrogen has five valence electrons and in simple amines it is trivalent, with the two remaining electrons forming a lone pair. Through that pair, nitrogen can form an additional bond to hydrogen making it tetravalent and with a positive charge in ammonium salts. Many nitrogen compounds can thus be potentially basic but its degree depends on the configuration: the nitrogen atom in amides is not basic due to delocalization of the lone pair into a double bond and in pyrrole the lone pair is part of an aromatic sextet.
Similar to carbon-carbon bonds, these bonds can form stable double bonds, for instance imines and triple bonds such as nitriles. Bond lengths range from 147.9 pm for simple amines to 147.5 pm for C-N= compounds such as nitromethane to 135.2 pm for partial double bonds in pyridine to 115.8 pm for triple bonds as in nitriles.
A CN bond is strongly polarized towards nitrogen (electronegativity for C and N is 2.55 and 3.04, respectively) and subsequently molecular dipole moments can be high: cyanamide 4.27 D, diazomethane 1.5 D, methyl azide 2.17, pyridine 2.19. For this reason many compounds containing CN bonds are water-soluble.

Properties of Carbon
Carbon  is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with ¹²C and ¹³C being stable, while ¹⁴C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. The name "carbon" comes from Latin carbo, coal.

Properties of Nitrogen 

Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere. The element nitrogen was discovered as a separable component of air, by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford, in 1772.

2P205 Dai Nan Tian

Harmful Compound: Carbon Monoxide

Made from: Carbon and Oxygen  

Symbol: CO

Chemical Bonding: Covalent bonding

Harmful Effects- Once carbon monoxide is inhaled, it will rapidly accumulate in the blood and deplete its ability to carry oxygen throughout the body. Depending on the amount of CO inhaled, the significant harmful effects caused by this gas can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning.

This is the amount that cause different effects

·         10% COHb - No symptoms. Heavy smokers can have as much as 9% COHb.

·         15% COHb - Mild headache.

·         25% COHb - Nausea and serious headache. Fairly quick recovery after treatment with oxygen and/or fresh air.

·         30% COHb - Symptoms intensify. Potential for long term effects especially in the case of infants, children, the elderly, victims of heart disease and pregnant women.

·         45% COHb - Unconsciousness

·         50+% COHb – Death

Constituent elements of Carbon Monoxide:

Carbon- with C as its symbol, is an element in the 2^nd Period and Group IV. It has 6 Protons, Neutrons and Electrons. There are three naturally occurring isotopes for Carbon, with C12 and C13 being stable, while C14 is radioactive. There are several allotropes, which is types of carbon of which the best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, diamond is highly transparent, while graphite is opaque and black. Diamond is among the hardest materials known, while graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper. Diamond has a very low electrical conductivity, while graphite is a very good conductor. Under normal conditions, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials. All the allotropic forms are solids under normal conditions but graphite is the most thermodynamically stable. Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets.

Oxygen- is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gaseous chemical  element which appears in great abundance on Earth, trapped by  the atmosphere. It is a vital component of the respiration process; without oxygen,  most organisms will die  within minutes. A number of forms of oxygen  and oxygen compounds can be found in nature. Oxygen can also be isolated and sold in pure  form for an assortment of uses, and was first isolated and identified in 1774. The atomic number of oxygen is eight,  and it is identified by an O symbol   on the periodic table of elements.  In addition to being very widely distributed on Earth, oxygen is also the third most abundant  element in the universe, and  it is a key catalyst in many chemical reactions. Oxidation is one such reaction, and it occurs  when oxygen mixes  with other elements and compounds. Oxygen also plays a role in combustion. Formation It is formed when one carbon atom and one oxygen atom,  connected by a triple bond which consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond. It is the simplest  of carbon, and is an anhydride of formic acid. In coordination complexes the carbon monoxide ligand is called carbonyl.

 The "Dot and Cross" diagram

2P216 Jerrick Lim (16)

Nitrogen Dioxide NO_{2
It is made from nitrogen and oxygen.}

Chemical bonding
Convalent bonding

Constituent elements

Nitrogen

Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass of 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas at standard conditions. It also constitutes 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.

Oxygen

Oxygen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and combustible gaseous chemical element which appears in great abundance on Earth, trapped by the atmosphere. Also, it is an important  component during the respiration process because without oxygen, most organisms will die within minutes. Oxygen can also be isolated and sold in pure form for an assortment of uses, an was first isolated and identified in 1774. The atomic number of oxygen is eight, and it's symbol is O on the periodic table of elements. Oxygen is also the third most abundant element in the universe, and it is a key catalyst in many chemical reactions. Oxidation is one such reaction, and it occurs when oxygen mixes with other elements and compounds. 

 Formation

The most important forms of reactive nitrogen in the air are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and together we call them NOx.  Nitrogen oxides are formed in the atmosphere mainly from the breakdown of nitrogen gas (N₂).  Because the two nitrogen atoms in N₂ are bound very strongly together (with a nitrogen to nitrogen triple bond), it isn't easy to break N₂down into its atoms.  A few bacteria have developed special mechanisms to do this and very high temperatures can also break the molecule down.  Vehicle engines operate at high enough temperatures and nitrogen oxides are emitted in the exhaust fumes.  Catalytic converters fitted to cars decrease the production of these harmful compounds.  Nitrogen oxides can also be formed when biomass is burnt and during lightning.

Dot diagram

Timothy Chng (04) 10th February

Chemical: Toluene

Chemical Formula: C₆H₅H + CH₃⁺ + AlCl₄^- → C₆H₅CH₃ + HCl + AlCl₃
Bond: Covalent bonding is present in toluene

Benzene reacts with methyl chloride in presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to form toluene. The formation follows an electrophilic substitution reaction mechanism. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It is an important industrial solvent and precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber, and dyes. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil, and may be synthesized from other compounds present in petroleum. Anhydrous aluminium chloride is a powerful Lewis acid, capable of forming Lewis acid-base adducts with even weak Lewis bases such as benzophenone and mesitylene. It forms tetrachloroaluminate AlCl₄⁻ in the presence of chloride ions. Methyl chloride is a chemical compound of the group of organic compounds called haloalkanes. It was once widely used as a refrigerant. It is a colorless extremely flammable gas with a minorly sweet odor, which is, however, detected at possibly toxic levels. Due to concerns about its toxicity, it is no longer present in consumer products.